Externals: Update fmt to 7.1.0

Updates fmt to the latest release from 6.1.2
This commit is contained in:
Lioncash
2020-10-26 18:41:05 -04:00
parent d2a2ec870d
commit 369a9e01dc
28 changed files with 7531 additions and 3771 deletions

View File

@ -7,153 +7,174 @@
.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v
:target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt
.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/libfmt.svg
:alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed att oss-fuzz
:target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dlibfmt&can=1
.. image:: https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/fmt.svg
:alt: fmt is continuously fuzzed at oss-fuzz
:target: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?\
colspec=ID%20Type%20Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20\
Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
:alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
:target: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
:target: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library for C++.
It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and iostreams.
**{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.
`Documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`__
If you like this project, please consider donating to BYSOL,
an initiative to help victims of political repressions in Belarus:
https://www.facebook.com/donate/759400044849707/108388587646909/.
Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
`Documentation <https://fmt.dev>`__
Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt
<https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
Try {fmt} in `Compiler Explorer <https://godbolt.org/z/Eq5763>`_.
Features
--------
* Replacement-based `format API <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html>`_ with
positional arguments for localization.
* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/dev/syntax.html>`_ similar to the one
of `str.format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
in Python.
* Simple `format API <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html>`_ with positional arguments
for localization
* Implementation of `C++20 std::format
<https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/format>`__
* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_ similar to Python's
`format <https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
* Fast IEEE 754 floating-point formatter with correct rounding, shortness and
round-trip guarantees
* Safe `printf implementation
<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including
the POSIX extension for positional arguments.
* Implementation of `C++20 std::format <https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html>`__.
* Support for user-defined types.
<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including the POSIX
extension for positional arguments
* Extensibility: `support for user-defined types
<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_
* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
`printf <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf>`_ and
iostreams. See `Speed tests`_ and `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
<http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
* Small code size both in terms of source code (the minimum configuration
consists of just three header files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and
``format-inl.h``) and compiled code. See `Compile time and code bloat`_.
* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `unit tests
<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is continuously fuzzed.
``(s)printf``, iostreams, ``to_string`` and ``to_chars``, see `Speed tests`_
and `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_
* Small code size both in terms of source code with the minimum configuration
consisting of just three files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and ``format-inl.h``,
and compiled code; see `Compile time and code bloat`_
* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `tests
<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_ and is `continuously fuzzed
<https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?colspec=ID%20Type%20
Component%20Status%20Proj%20Reported%20Owner%20Summary&q=proj%3Dfmt&can=1>`_
* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
errors.
errors
* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
permissive MIT `license
<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers.
* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels
(``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``).
* Support for wide strings.
* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro.
consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers
* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels such as
``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``
* Locale-independence by default
* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro
See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`_ for more details.
See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev>`_ for more details.
Examples
--------
Print ``Hello, world!`` to ``stdout``:
**Print to stdout** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Tevcjh>`_)
.. code:: c++
fmt::print("Hello, {}!", "world"); // Python-like format string syntax
fmt::printf("Hello, %s!", "world"); // printf format string syntax
#include <fmt/core.h>
int main() {
fmt::print("Hello, world!\n");
}
Format a string and use positional arguments:
**Format a string** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/oK8h33>`_)
.. code:: c++
std::string s = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
// s == "The answer is 42."
**Format a string using positional arguments** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/Yn7Txe>`_)
.. code:: c++
std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
// s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
Check a format string at compile time:
**Print chrono durations** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/K8s4Mc>`_)
.. code:: c++
// test.cc
#include <fmt/format.h>
std::string s = format(FMT_STRING("{2}"), 42);
#include <fmt/chrono.h>
.. code::
$ c++ -Iinclude -std=c++14 test.cc
...
test.cc:4:17: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, int>' requested here
std::string s = format(FMT_STRING("{2}"), 42);
^
include/fmt/core.h:778:19: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
^
include/fmt/format.h:2226:16: note: in call to '&checker.context_->on_error(&"argument index out of range"[0])'
context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
^
Use {fmt} as a safe portable replacement for ``itoa``
(`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/NXmpU4>`_):
.. code:: c++
fmt::memory_buffer buf;
format_to(buf, "{}", 42); // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 10)
format_to(buf, "{:x}", 42); // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 16)
// access the string with to_string(buf) or buf.data()
Format objects of user-defined types via a simple `extension API
<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_:
.. code:: c++
#include "fmt/format.h"
struct date {
int year, month, day;
};
template <>
struct fmt::formatter<date> {
constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) { return ctx.begin(); }
template <typename FormatContext>
auto format(const date& d, FormatContext& ctx) {
return format_to(ctx.out(), "{}-{}-{}", d.year, d.month, d.day);
}
};
std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
// s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
Create your own functions similar to `format
<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#format>`_ and
`print <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#print>`_
which take arbitrary arguments (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/MHjHVf>`_):
.. code:: c++
// Prints formatted error message.
void vreport_error(const char* format, fmt::format_args args) {
fmt::print("Error: ");
fmt::vprint(format, args);
}
template <typename... Args>
void report_error(const char* format, const Args & ... args) {
vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
int main() {
using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
fmt::print("Default format: {} {}\n", 42s, 100ms);
fmt::print("strftime-like format: {:%H:%M:%S}\n", 3h + 15min + 30s);
}
report_error("file not found: {}", path);
Output::
Note that ``vreport_error`` is not parameterized on argument types which can
improve compile times and reduce code size compared to a fully parameterized
version.
Default format: 42s 100ms
strftime-like format: 03:15:30
**Print a container** (`run <https://godbolt.org/z/MjsY7c>`_)
.. code:: c++
#include <vector>
#include <fmt/ranges.h>
int main() {
std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
fmt::print("{}\n", v);
}
Output::
{1, 2, 3}
**Check a format string at compile time**
.. code:: c++
std::string s = fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "don't panic");
This gives a compile-time error because ``d`` is an invalid format specifier for
a string.
**Write a file from a single thread**
.. code:: c++
#include <fmt/os.h>
int main() {
auto out = fmt::output_file("guide.txt");
out.print("Don't {}", "Panic");
}
This can be `5 to 9 times faster than fprintf
<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/08/04/optimal-file-buffer-size.html>`_.
**Print with colors and text styles**
.. code:: c++
#include <fmt/color.h>
int main() {
fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::crimson) | fmt::emphasis::bold,
"Hello, {}!\n", "world");
fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::floral_white) | bg(fmt::color::slate_gray) |
fmt::emphasis::underline, "Hello, {}!\n", "мир");
fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::steel_blue) | fmt::emphasis::italic,
"Hello, {}!\n", "世界");
}
Output on a modern terminal:
.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/
576385/88485597-d312f600-cf2b-11ea-9cbe-61f535a86e28.png
Benchmarks
----------
@ -174,18 +195,20 @@ Folly Format folly::format 2.23
{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~35% faster than ``printf``.
The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of
three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
10.14.6 with ``clang++ -O3 -DNDEBUG -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the
best of three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
further details refer to the `source
<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.
{fmt} is 10x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on floating-point
formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
and as fast as `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_:
{fmt} is up to 20-30x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on
floating-point formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
and faster than `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_ and
`ryu <https://github.com/ulfjack/ryu>`_:
.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/69767160-cdaca400-112f-11ea-9fc5-347c9f83caad.png
:target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html
.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
95684665-11719600-0ba8-11eb-8e5b-972ff4e49428.png
:target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang12.0.html
Compile time and code bloat
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -264,36 +287,33 @@ or the bloat test::
Projects using this library
---------------------------
* `0 A.D. <http://play0ad.com/>`_: A free, open-source, cross-platform real-time
strategy game
* `0 A.D. <https://play0ad.com/>`_: a free, open-source, cross-platform
real-time strategy game
* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
An open-source library for mathematical programming
* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: A comprehensive aircraft
an open-source library for mathematical programming
* `Aseprite <https://github.com/aseprite/aseprite>`_:
animated sprite editor & pixel art tool
* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: a comprehensive aircraft
operations suite
* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: Real-time 3D visualization of space
* `Blizzard Battle.net <https://battle.net/>`_: an online gaming platform
* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: real-time 3D visualization of space
* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: A scalable distributed storage system
* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: a scalable distributed storage system
* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: A compiler cache
* `ccache <https://ccache.dev/>`_: a compiler cache
* `ClickHouse <https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse>`_: analytical database
management system
* `CUAUV <http://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
vehicle
* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
* `KBEngine <http://kbengine.org/>`_: An open-source MMOG server engine
* `Keypirinha <http://keypirinha.com/>`_: A semantic launcher for Windows
* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): Home theater software
* `Lifeline <https://github.com/peter-clark/lifeline>`_: A 2D game
* `Drake <http://drake.mit.edu/>`_: A planning, control, and analysis toolbox
* `Drake <https://drake.mit.edu/>`_: a planning, control, and analysis toolbox
for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)
* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
@ -301,49 +321,76 @@ Projects using this library
* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: Distributed document database
* `Folly <https://github.com/facebook/folly>`_: Facebook open-source library
* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: A small tool to
* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks
* `KBEngine <https://github.com/kbengine/kbengine>`_: an open-source MMOG server
engine
* `Keypirinha <https://keypirinha.com/>`_: a semantic launcher for Windows
* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): home theater software
* `Knuth <https://kth.cash/>`_: high-performance Bitcoin full-node
* `Microsoft Verona <https://github.com/microsoft/verona>`_:
research programming language for concurrent ownership
* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: distributed document database
* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: a small tool to
generate randomized datasets
* `OpenSpace <http://openspaceproject.com/>`_: An open-source astrovisualization
framework
* `OpenSpace <https://openspaceproject.com/>`_: an open-source
astrovisualization framework
* `PenUltima Online (POL) <http://www.polserver.com/>`_:
An MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
* `PenUltima Online (POL) <https://www.polserver.com/>`_:
an MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients
* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: A distributed, high-performance,
* `PyTorch <https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch>`_: an open-source machine
learning library
* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: a distributed, high-performance,
associative database
* `Quill <https://github.com/odygrd/quill>`_: asynchronous low-latency logging library
* `readpe <https://bitbucket.org/sys_dev/readpe>`_: Read Portable Executable
* `QKW <https://github.com/ravijanjam/qkw>`_: generalizing aliasing to simplify
navigation, and executing complex multi-line terminal command sequences
* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: A Redis cluster
* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: a Redis cluster
proxy
* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: A modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
* `redpanda <https://vectorized.io/redpanda>`_: a 10x faster Kafka® replacement
for mission critical systems written in C++
* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: a modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
library
* `Saddy <https://github.com/mamontov-cpp/saddy-graphics-engine-2d>`_:
Small crossplatform 2D graphic engine
* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud
<https://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
business intelligence software
* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud <http://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
Business intelligence software
* `Scylla <http://www.scylladb.com/>`_: A Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
* `Scylla <https://www.scylladb.com/>`_: a Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server
* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: An advanced, open-source C++
* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: an advanced, open-source C++
framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware
* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: Super fast C++ logging library
* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: super fast C++ logging library
* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: Financial platform
* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: financial platform
* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: Surgery simulator
* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: surgery simulator
* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: Open-source
* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: open-source
MMORPG framework
* `Windows Terminal <https://github.com/microsoft/terminal>`_: the new Windows
terminal
`More... <https://github.com/search?q=fmtlib&type=Code>`_
If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
@ -368,7 +415,7 @@ The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
<http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
@ -400,15 +447,15 @@ Boost Format
This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format
strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
various, benchmarks it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
`Benchmarks`_).
FastFormat
~~~~~~~~~~
This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional
arguments. However it has significant limitations, citing its author:
This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional arguments.
However, it has significant limitations, citing its author:
Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
current design are:
@ -417,8 +464,8 @@ arguments. However it has significant limitations, citing its author:
* Octal/hexadecimal encoding
* Runtime width/alignment specification
It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be
too restrictive for using it in some projects.
It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be too
restrictive for using it in some projects.
Boost Spirit.Karma
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -426,32 +473,9 @@ Boost Spirit.Karma
This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
than ``fmt::format_int`` on Karma's own benchmark,
see `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
<http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
FAQ
---
Q: how can I capture formatting arguments and format them later?
A: use ``std::tuple``:
.. code:: c++
template <typename... Args>
auto capture(const Args&... args) {
return std::make_tuple(args...);
}
auto print_message = [](const auto&... args) {
fmt::print(args...);
};
// Capture and store arguments:
auto args = capture("{} {}", 42, "foo");
// Do formatting:
std::apply(print_message, args);
than ``fmt::format_to`` with format string compilation on Karma's own benchmark,
see `Converting a hundred million integers to strings per second
<http://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html>`_.
License
-------
@ -459,18 +483,19 @@ License
{fmt} is distributed under the MIT `license
<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
The `Format String Syntax
<https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_
adapted for the current library. For this reason the documentation is
distributed under the Python Software Foundation license available in
`doc/python-license.txt
<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
It only applies if you distribute the documentation of fmt.
Documentation License
---------------------
Acknowledgments
---------------
The `Format String Syntax <https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_.
For this reason the documentation is distributed under the Python Software
Foundation license available in `doc/python-license.txt
<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
It only applies if you distribute the documentation of {fmt}.
Maintainers
-----------
The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
@ -479,23 +504,3 @@ See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
we'll make it right.
The benchmark section of this readme file and the performance tests are taken
from the excellent `tinyformat <https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat>`_ library
written by Chris Foster. Boost Format library is acknowledged transitively
since it had some influence on tinyformat.
Some ideas used in the implementation are borrowed from `Loki
<http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/>`_ SafeFormat and `Diagnostic API
<http://clang.llvm.org/doxygen/classclang_1_1Diagnostic.html>`_ in
`Clang <http://clang.llvm.org/>`_.
Format string syntax and the documentation are based on Python's `str.format
<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_.
Thanks `Doug Turnbull <https://github.com/softwaredoug>`_ for his valuable
comments and contribution to the design of the type-safe API and
`Gregory Czajkowski <https://github.com/gcflymoto>`_ for implementing binary
formatting. Thanks `Ruslan Baratov <https://github.com/ruslo>`_ for comprehensive
`comparison of integer formatting algorithms <https://github.com/ruslo/int-dec-format-tests>`_
and useful comments regarding performance, `Boris Kaul <https://github.com/localvoid>`_ for
`C++ counting digits benchmark <https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits>`_.
Thanks to `CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_ for contributing various
improvements to the code.